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Building Construction pdf Book download
Table of Contents
- Building Cnstruction
- Foundation
- Staircase
- Doors Windows
- Stone/Breakpiers/Arches
- Temporary constructions
- Under pinning
- Scaffolding
- Substructure and Superstructure
- Cement and concrete construction
- Introduction to reinforced concrete
- Earthquake resistant features
Unit 1
BUILDINGCONSTRUCTION
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
1. Objective
To familiar with component of building.
To compare the types of building.
To list out the different component of super and sub structure.
To familiar about the consideration of building design.
2. Content
Types of building
a. Residential Bldg.
They are used residence purpose. Residential buildingis in small scale in
shape and size. These building are used for human beings and have small
scale of different room like living room, bathroom, bedrooms, kitchen, etc.
b. Institutional and Educational Bldg.
These building are type of Buildingin which school, college, university, are
open. It main purpose is to give public plat from for the different education
like commerce, arts, science, etc.
c. Business Bldg.
In these type f Building the commercial thing like market, shop will be open
and give service to public. Business building is used in large scale so that
large number of business and get more service from it.
d. Storage Bldg.
They type of building in which different types of material or things can be for
the long time.
e. Industrial Bldg.
These types of building are built for the production purpose in large scale so
that it can manufacture different types of daily usable things and other useful
2 Building Construction : Grade 10
things required for future.
Loads on Building
1. Live loads: This is the movable load on the floor and hence it is variable. It
is also called super imposed load. It includes the load of a person standing on
the floor weights of the material temporarily stored on the floor, weight of the
snow on roof and also furniture. It unit is kilo Newton per mଶ
2. Dead loads: This is the lad of the materials used for various component of
Bldg such as wall, roof, floor, pillar and other all permanent structure are also
included in dead load. Partition wall, terrace garden are also considered are
as a dead load. Its unit is kilo Newton lmଶ.
3. Wind load: In case of tall building the effect due to the wind should be
considered that the exposed sides and roof of such building are subjected to
wind pressure so, which designing the building wind pressure (p) = KVଶ
k= coefficient of wind speed, temperature of air shape of structure]
Components part of building
Sub-structure
It is the lower portion of the building usually located below the ground level which
transmit the load of the super structure to the supporting soil. Its basic function is
to transmit the dead load, live load and other load to the sub-soil or sub grade soil.
In the sub-structure it consists of mainly footing. This is the lowest part of the
building or any construction work in which different part like wall, PCC, RCC,
soling and natural ground sub soil or sub grade soil. This all components are design
or constructions per specification and required.
Super structure
It is part of a building which is above the ground level and it serves the purpose of
use. The super structure has masonry work, beam, pillar, roof structure, floor
structure, door, window, staircase or finished work.
i. Masonry Work
It is defined as the construction of the building. It is the boundary of the building.
It make the partition of the building or divide the room in the different part if the
Building Construction : Grade 10 3
area. Its main purpose is to separate the area for the different purposed inside the
building. It is the essential part or component of the building and its primary
function is to enclosed and to make function able useful.
ii. Column/Pillar
It is an essential part of the building. It is on isolated vertical load bearing member
and having length, breadth and height as per design or required. It is the vertical
component so that it takes all the load of the sub-structure. So, generally column or
pillars are more stronger than other structure.
iii. Beam
It is an also calculated horizontal tensile load bearing member having length,
breadth and span as per required or as per design. It is horizontal component so that
its main purpose is to support the wall, slab or other any component of building on
slab and it transferred its own weight or load and other all load above it to the pillar.
iv. Floor structure
Floors are the horizontal element which divides the building into different level. Its
main purpose is to create the open surface or accumulation for the different use on
it. It has length breadth and thickness as per required or design. In the building floor
works is of any material or any types.
v. Roof structure
A roof is the uppermost part of the building. It is covering provided on the top of
building with a view to keep out rain, snow, sunlight, wind etc and to protect the
building from their adverse affect. The roof are of different design such slope, flat
and of different material.
vi. Door
A door is a framework of wood, steel, aluminum etc. Fixed in the wall opening for
the purpose of providing access to user of the building.
vii. Window
It is also an opening made in the wall and fixed on it for the purpose of providing
day light, wind or ventilation and for vision purpose.
4 Building Construction : Grade 10
viii. Stair case
It is defined as a series of step which are suitably arranged for the purposed to
connect different floor of the building. It provide and easy safe and quick access to
the user in the different floor to floor.
ix. Building finish
They are used to give protective coveting to various building component at a same
time. They provide decorative effect
Consideration of building design
Types of building
Geographical location
Decorative purpose
Find performance
Impact Resistance
Environmental performance
Detailing and interface
Cost
1. Learning process and support materials.
Following are the learning process of this unit:
Group discussion
Drawing presentation
Site visit nearby school.
2. Assessment
A. Very short questions answer
1. Define building
2. Write any two components of building
B. Short questions answer
1. What are the types of building? Explain any one.
2. Explain about superstructure
C. Long questions answer
1. Differentiate between super structure and substructure.
Building Construction : Grade 10 5
2. Explain about the design considerations of building
3. Glossary
Beam: Beams are the horizontal member to bear load of slab.
Column: columns are the vertical member to bear load of superstructure and
to transport load to the foundation.
Floor: platform for furniture and human
4. Reference materials
Suggested texts and reference
Punmia B.C. Dr.,Building Construction(Latest Edition).
Sharma S.K. &Kaul B.K.,Building Construction(Latest Edition).
Kumar SushilBuilding Construction(Latest Edition).
Singh Gurucharan, Building Planning & Design (Latest Edition)
Galami T.B., A Text Book of Construction (Part -I), CTEVT.
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Department of Urban Development, Nepal Building Code
Arya A.S., Masonry and Timber Structure including Earth (Latest Edition)
Jain, Plain Cement Concrete, Vol I & II (Latest Edition)
Kumar Sushil, Reinforced Concrete Structure(Latest Edition)
Punmia B.C. Dr.,Reinforced Concrete Structure, Vol. I & II (Latest Edition)
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6 Building Construction : Grade 10
FOUNDATION
1. Objective
To familiar with foundation and its function.
To gather information for requirement of good foundation.
To list the type of foundation.
To familiar with footing at different level.
2. Content
Definition of foundation (the lowest weight bearing part of a building)
Every building has two basic components one is super structure and sub structure.
A foundation is therefore that part of structure which is in direct contact with ground
to which the load is transmitted. The lowest land in which all the building load is
rest on it and it totally below the ground level and in some cases the lowest part of
building wall or masonry are partially or wholly below the surface of ground. The
foundation will resist the all load i.e. dead load, live load, wind load will transmit
the sub grade soil and it won't provide any settlement on the foundation. A
foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessive settlement as well as
unequal settlement. Foundation also preserve the building from ground movement,
shrinkage of land, uplift pressure and other unexpected impact.
Function of foundation
a. Reduction of load intensity
Foundation distributes the load of the super structure to the large area so that the
intensity of load at its base doesn't exceed safe soil bearing capacity of the sub- soil.
b. Even distribution of load
Foundation distributes the non-uniform load of super structure evenly to a large are
of sub-soil for eg. Two columns carrying unequal load can have a combine footing
which may transmit the load to sub-soil evenly with uniform soil pressure. Due to
this unequal or differential settlement are minimized.
c. Provision of level surface
Building Construction : Grade 10 7
Foundation provides level and hard surface over which the super structure can be
built.
d. Lateral stability
Due to the different load like wind load impact load and the load created by soil
mass movement inside the ground. The foundation will give to the stability for the
super structure of the building. It gives stability on sliding and over turning.
e. Safe Against under mining
In some cases under the beneath of the foundation the soil can be scoring. In the
result the foundation may get unequal settlement, foundation give safety against it.
f. Protection against soil movement
Foundation will measure preventive method to minimize the crack on the super
structure or other structure due to the movement of soil or expansion or contrition
and due to the moisture movement.
Essential requirement of good foundation
Foundation should be contract safely by the following requirement.
Foundation should be constructed to resist bear on the imposed load and
to transmit to the sub grade soil in such a way that all pressure.
Won't give any settlement on the foundation.
The foundation base should be rigid so that all the differential
settlement can be minimized when the super structure load or other are
distributed unevenly.
Foundation should be taken sufficiently deep to resist the building
laterally when the soil-mass get movement under foundation.
Foundation should be perfumed stable when it is affected by
unexpected load or impact.
Types of foundation
a) Shallow foundation
b) Deep foundation
Shallow foundation
a) Spread footing
8 Building Construction : Grade 10
b) Combine footing
c) Mat footing
3. Learning process and support materials.
Following are the learning process of this unit:
- Group discussion
- Drawing presentation
- Site visit nearby school.
4. Assessment
A. Very short questions answer
1. Define footing.
2. Enlist the type of foundation.
3. Define footing at different level.
B. Short questions answer
1. What is the important of foundation?
2. Write the function of foundation.
3. Explain the essential requirement of good foundation.
C. Long questions answer
1. What are the types of foundation? Explain
2. Explain about the shallow foundation.
3. Enlist the type of shallow foundation and explain it.
4. Explain briefly about the footing at different level.
5. Glossary
Foundation: foundation is the element of a building structure which connects it to
the ground and transfers loads from the structure to the ground.
Settlement: gradual distortions created in a structure.
Stability: stable
Bearing Capacity: is the capacity of soil to support the load applied to the ground.
6. Reference materials
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